PermafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more years. It forms in regions where the mean annual temperature is... More is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more years. It forms in regions where the mean annual temperature is colder than zero degrees Celsius. PermafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more years. It forms in regions where the mean annual temperature is... More is found beneath about 20 percent of the land in the Northern Hemisphere. It is widespread in the Arctic and in parts of Antarctica. Most of the world’s permafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more years. It forms in regions where the mean annual temperature is... More has been frozen for 1000s of years and can be up to 1,500 metres (almost 5,000 feet) thick. The layer of ground above permafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more years. It forms in regions where the mean annual temperature is... More that is subject to annual thawing and freezing is called the active layerThe layer of ground above permafrost that is subject to annual thawing and freezing.... More.
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> Evenkian Field Station
Field SitesNAME AND OWNER The Tura Field station (Evenkiyskiy oporniy ekspedizionniy punkt) is owned and run by V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS (IF SB …
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> International Ecological Educational Center “Istomino”
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER International ecological – educational center (IEEC) “Istomino” is owned and run by Baikal Institute of Nature Management of the Siberian Branch …
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> Research Station Samoylov Island
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Research Station Samoylov Island is owned and run by the Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum GeologyThe study of the solid Earth, …
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> Spasskaya Pad Scientific Forest Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Spasskaya Pad Scientific Forest Station is owned and run by the Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone (Siberian Branch of …
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> Elgeeii Scientific Forest Station
Field SitesNAME AND OWNER “Elgeeii” scientific forest station of Institute for biological problems of cryolithozone of Siberian branch of Russian academy of sciences (Russian Federation). LOCATION …
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> Chokurdakh Scientific Tundra Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Chokurdakh Scientific TundraA type of ecosystemAll the living organisms (including people) in an area as well as its physical environment, functioning together as a unit. An ecosystem is made up of plants, animals, microorganisms, soil,... More in which tree growth is limited by low temperatures. The origin of the word …
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> Orotuk Field Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER Orotuk Field Station is run by the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of …
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> North-East Science Station
Field SitesNAME AND OWNER North-East Science Station (NESS) is owned and run by Sergey Zimov and Nikita Zimov. LOCATION NESS is situated in the Kolyma River …
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> CEN Kangiqsualujjuaq Sukuijarvik
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER CEN Kangiqsualujjuaq SUKUIJARVIK Research Station is owned and run by the Centre d’études nordiques (CEN: www.cen.ulaval.ca) at Université Laval. The station …
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> Meinypil’gyno Community Based Biological Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER Meinypil’gyno Community Based Biological Station is owned and run by the Russian bird conservation NGO – “BirdsRussia”, with support from the …
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> Barrow Arctic Research Center/Environmental Observatory
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Barrow ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More …
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> Toolik Field Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Toolik Field Station (TFS) belongs to the Institute of ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural …
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> Western Arctic Research Centre
Field SitesNAME AND OWNER The Western ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More as …
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> Canadian High Arctic Research Station CHARS
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Canadian High ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More …
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> Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory PEARL
Field SitesNAME AND OWNER Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) operated by the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC) – an informal university …
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> CEN Salluit Research Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER CEN Salluit Research Station is owned and run by Centre d’études Nordiques (CEN: Centre for Northern Studies) whose secretariat is based …
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> CEN Boniface River Field Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The CEN Boniface River Station is owned and run by the Centre d’études Nordiques (CEN: Centre for Northern Studies) whose secretariat …
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> CEN Umiujaq Research Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Umiujaq Research Station is owned and run by the Centre d’études Nordiques (CEN: Centre for Northern Studies) whose secretariat is …
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> CEN Whapmagoostui-Kuujuarapik Research Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The CEN Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik Station is owned and run by the Centre d’études Nordiques (CEN: Centre for Northern Studies) with its secretariat …
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> Arctic Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER Owner of the ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the …
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> Zackenberg Research Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER Zackenberg Research Station is owned by the government of Greenland. Aarhus University (Denmark) is responsible for running the station. LOCATION Zackenberg …
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> Villum Research Station
Field SitesNAME AND OWNER Villum Research Station, Station Nord (Villum) consist of a garage for storage of vehicles and a tents, generators etc. for a mobile …
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> Arctic DTU Research Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More as areas …
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> AWIPEV Arctic Research Base
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER AWIPEV ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More as …
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> Nicolaus Copernicus University Polar Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER Nicolaus Copernicus University Polar Station “Hahut”, Svalbard (NCUPS) is owned by Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Polar Research Center, Poland. LOCATION …
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> Churchill Northern Studies Centre
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER Station Name: Churchill Northern Studies Centre Station Owner: Churchill Research Centre Inc. LOCATION The CNSC is an accessible northern field research …
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> Adam Mickiewicz University Polar Station “Petuniabukta”
Field SitesNAME AND OWNER Adam Mickiewicz University Polar Station “Petuniabukta”, Svalbard (AMUPS) is owned by Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland. LOCATION The station is located …
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> CNR Arctic Station “Dirigibile Italia”
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Italian ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More …
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> Polish Polar Station Hornsund
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Polish Polar Station Hornsund is operated by the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences. LOCATION The station is located …
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> Tarfala Research Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER Tarfala Research Station is owned and run by the Department of Physical GeographyThe study of the Earth, such as places, landforms, …
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> Alpine Research and Education Station Furka (ALPFOR)
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The ‘Alpine Research and Education Station Furka’ (ALPFOR) is managed by the non-profit association ALPFOR, which is related to the University …
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> Sonnblick Observatory
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Sonnblick Observatory is owned by Sonnblick Verein and managed by the Zentralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik in cooperation with the …
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> The DMI Geophysical Observatory Qaanaaq
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The DMI Geophysical Observatory Qaanaaq. Owned by the Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark LOCATION The DMI Geophysical Observatory Qaanaaq is located …
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> Numto Park Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Numto Park Station belongs to the UNESCO Chair on Environmental Dynamics and ClimateThe average weather we would expect over a long period of time (seasons, years, decades). Climate varies from place-to-place across the Earth. Climate is determined by long-term (over at least... More ChangeAccording to the United Nations Framework Convention …
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> Beliy Island Research Station
Field SitesNAME AND OWNER Beliy Island Research Station is owned and managed by the Government of the Yamal-Nenets autonomous district, Russian Federation. LOCATION The Station is …
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> Willem Barentsz Biological Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER Willem Barentsz Biological Station is presently owned by the Administration of Taimyr Reserves, Norilsk, Russia (governmental organization of the Russian Federation). …
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> Khanymey Research Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Khanymei Research Station belongs to the National Research Tomsk State University, Russia. LOCATION The Station is located south-east or Yamal-Nenets …
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> Kajbasovo Research Station
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Kajbasovo Research Station belongs to the National Research Tomsk State University, Russia. LOCATION The station is located in Western Siberia, …
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> Igarka Geocryology Laboratory
Field SitesSTATION NAME AND OWNER The Igarka Geocryology Laboratory is a scientific affiliation of the Melnikov PermafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero …
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> Stories of Arctic Science
PublicationsThis book contains stories of cutting-edge ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More …
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> Siberian tundra eruptions
NewsINTERACT observer station manager Aleksandr Sokolov in article on methaneA colourless, odourless gas (chemical formula CH4). Some microbesproduce methaneA colourless, odourless gas (chemical formula CH4). Some microbesproduce methane. It can also be found in underground deposits. Methane is the main component of natural gas, which is is an important... More. It can also be found in underground …
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> Summer school at INTERACT partner TSU
News5th International Summer School for Students and Young Scientists — 2018 Natural and human environment of ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, …
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> PhD position available at INTERACT partner Stockholm University
NewsThe Department of Environmental ScienceThe study of the environment and the solution of environmental problems…. More at INTERACT partner Stockholm University has an opening for …
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> INTERACT Data Forum was presented at the RDA in Montreal
NewsThe 10th RDA (Research Data Alliance) Plenary Meeting was held 19 to 21 September 2017 in Montréal, Canada and the INTERACT Data Forum was presented …
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> Thawing permafrost – a hot topic
NewsNunataryuk, part of the EU ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More as …
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> INTERACT presented at NSERC virtual meeting
NewsToday INTERACT is presented at the NSERC PermafrostNet & Canadian PermafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) …
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> INTERACT Stories of Arctic Science and Stations continue on June 16th at 14-15 CEST
NewsINTERACT Stories of ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More as areas having …
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> Atmosphere special issue on “Permafrost Peatlands under Rapid Climate Warming”
NewsA special issue of Atmosphere with the theme PermafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two …
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> INTERACT station manager interviewed about thawing permafrost
NewsThe Siberian Times published a feature article on the consequences of thawing permafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 …
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> Special report on the Arctic and Siberia in Euronews
NewsA special report on how global warmingThe enhanced greenhouse effect due to human activity and the resulting widely accepted rising average temperature near the surface …
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> INTERACT at EUCOP 2018 in Chamonix, France
NewsToday is the first day of sessions at the 5th European Conference on PermafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius …
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> Applications open for the 2020-2021 APECS Canada Board
NewsAPECSAssociation of Polar Early Career Scientists…. More Canada is a diverse group of early career scientists who are part of the larger APECSAssociation of Polar …
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> Release of 5 AMAP Assessments
NewsOn the 25th of April 5 new AMAPArctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. One of the working groups of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More Council. Established in 1991. AMAPArctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. One of the working groups of the Arctic Council. Established in 1991. AMAP is responsible for measuring the levels of pollutants in the Arctic, and... More …
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> Two open PhD positions at INTERACT partners
NewsUNIS in Svalbard has an open permafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more …
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> PhD Position “Permafrost thaw events” available at INTERACT partner AWI
NewsThe PhD candidate will use datasets and field studies to explore how changing water surfaces in the ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, …
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> Call for Registration: Arctic Alaska Vegetation Summer Field Course
NewsArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More as areas having a high latitude, …
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> INTERACT part of the EU Arctic Cluster
NewsThe EU ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More as areas having a …
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> EU Polar Cluster – new website
NewsINTERACT is part of The EU Polar Cluster, which now has a new website: https://www.polarcluster.eu/ The EU Polar Cluster currently comprises of 14 projects: APPLICATE, …
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> Professor Position Available at INTERACT Partner Stockholm University
NewsThe Department of Environmental ScienceThe study of the environment and the solution of environmental problems…. More and Analytical ChemistryThe study of matter at the atomic …
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> Available positions at INTERACT Partner AWI
NewsTwo Positions Available at Alfred Wegener Institute: PhD in Land Surface Process and Technician in Geodata and Model Administration The Periglacial Research section at the …
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> Tune in to the INTERACT Arctic Research Blogs
NewsWhen things slow down during the summer holiday season, in arcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some …
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> Home
Welcome to INTERACT – International Network for Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More INTERACT is an infrastructure project under the auspices of SCANNET, a …
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> Raising Arctic Awareness
INTERACT aims to inform and interact with the public, stakeholders and primary, secondary and tertiary students. In particular, we will work with people living in …
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> INTERACT Educational Resources
INTERACT collaborates with Wicked Weather Watch to produce resources for teaching ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists …
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> Alaska, USA
Alaska is the 49th and largest U.S. state with an area of 1,718,000 km². It is a sparsely populated state with around 731,000 inhabitants (0.4/km2), …
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> Canada
Canada´s territory extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and …
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> Transport and communication
Connecting the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More: Transport and Communication ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More …
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> Collaborations
APECSAssociation of Polar Early Career Scientists.... More The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECSAssociation of Polar Early Career Scientists.... More) is an international and interdisciplinary organization for undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, early career faculty …
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> TA Ambassadors
INTERACT TA Ambassadors are scientists who have conducted research at INTERACT stations with the support from Transnational Access. TA Ambassadors share knowledge –based on their …
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> Societal Challenges and TA
INTERACT is a pan-arctic network of research stations covering all major environmental envelopes/ecozones (A.-F.) in the ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, …
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> Active layer
GlossaryThe layer of ground above permafrost that is subject to annual thawing and freezing.
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> Arctic
GlossaryDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the ArcticDefinitions of the Arctic vary according to environmental, geographical, political, cultural and scientific perspectives. Some scientists define the Arctic as areas having a high latitude, long winters, short, cool summers,... More as areas having …
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> Palsa mire
GlossaryA type of mire (or boggy wetland) complex found in boreal and alpine regions. Palsas are peatPeat is a soil type formed from slowly decomposing vegetation. It is found …
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> Peat
GlossaryPeatPeat is a soil type formed from slowly decomposing vegetation. It is found in wet areas where the lack of oxygen slows the breakdown of …
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> Pingo
GlossaryA frost mound, consisting of an ice core covered with soil and vegetation. They are found in permafrost regions. They are formed when water is naturally injected …
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> SWIPA
Glossary“Snow, Water, Ice, PermafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or more years. It forms …
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> Thermokarst
GlossaryA landform that results when ground ice (ice-rich permafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) for two or …
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> Thermokarst lake
GlossaryA (usually shallow) body of water found in a depression within a thermokarst landform. The water is from thawed permafrostPermafrost is frozen ground that remains at or below …
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> Tundra
GlossaryA type of ecosystemAll the living organisms (including people) in an area as well as its physical environment, functioning together as a unit. An ecosystemAll the living organisms (including people) in an area as well as its physical environment, functioning together as a unit. An ecosystem is made up of plants, animals, microorganisms, soil,... More …
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> Climate feedback mechanism
GlossaryA change in the climateThe average weather we would expect over a long period of time (seasons, years, decades). ClimateThe average weather we would expect over a long period of time (seasons, years, decades). Climate varies from place-to-place across the Earth. Climate is determined by long-term (over at least... More varies from place-to-place across the …
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